Short Notes About Some Point

SIM A subscriber identity module (SIM) on a removable SIM card securely stores the service-subscriber key (IMSI) utilize to identify a subscriber on mobile telephony turns (such as mobile phones and computers). A SIM card contains its unique serial turn, internationally unique number of the mobile user (IMSI), guarantor au whencetication and ciphering information, temporary information re riped to the local network (also temporary local id that has been issued to the user), a list of the services the user has access to and two passwords (PIN for public use and PUK for unlocking).SIM cards be available in two pattern sizes. The first is the size of a credit card (85. 60 mm ? 53. 98 mm x 0. 76 mm). GSM GSM is stands for Global outline for Mobile communication. It is a digital mobile telephony administration that is widely apply in Asia and other(a) uses of the world. GSM uses a variation of time division multiple access (TDMA) and is the around widely used of the three dig ital tuner telephony technologies (TDMA, GSM, and CDMA). GSM digitizes and compresses selective information, then sends it d testify a channel with two other streams of user data, each in its own time slot.It operates at either the 900 megahertz or 1800 MHz frequency band. Mobile services based on GSM technology were first launched in Finland in 1991. Today, more than 690 mobile networks provide GSM services across 213 countries and GSM represents 82. 4% of all global mobile connections. According to GSM World, there ar now more than 2 billion GSM mobile phone users worldwide. Since numerous GSM network operators arrest roaming agreements with foreign operators, users can often continue to use their mobile phones when they travel to other countries.GSM, together with other technologies, is part of the evolution of wireless mobile telecommunications that includes high-velocity Circuit-Switched Data (HCSD), General Packet Radio System (GPRS), Enhanced Data GSM Environment (EDGE), and Universal Mobile Telecommunications servicing (UMTS). GPRS GPRS (General mail boat radio service) is a packet oriented mobile data service available to users of the 2G cellular communication systems global system for mobile communications (GSM), as well as in the 3G systems. In 2G systems, GPRS provides data rates of 56-114 kbit/s.GPRS data transfer is typically charged per MB of traffic transferred, while data communication via traditional circuit chemise is billed per minute of connection time, independent of whether the user actually is using the capacity or is in an idle state. GPRS is a best-effort packet switched service, as hostile to circuit switching, where a trusted quality of service (QoS) is guaranteed during the connection for non-mobile users. 2G cellular systems combined with GPRS are often described as 2. 5G, that is, a technology amid the second (2G) and third (3G) generations of mobile telephony.It provides moderate speed data transfer, GSM is the only k ind of network where GPRS is in use. GPRS is integrated into GSM Release 97 and newer releases. It was originally convertible by European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI), but now by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). GPRS was developed as a GSM response to the former CDPD and i-mode packet switched cellular technologies. W-Lan A wireless local area network (WLAN) links devices via a wireless distribution method (typically spread-spectrum or OFDM) and usually provides a connection through an access leg to the wider internet.This gives users the mobility to move around within a local coverage area and still be connected to the network. radiocommunication LANs form become popular in the home due to ease of installation and the increasing popularity of laptop computers. Wi-Fi Wi-Fi (short for wireless fidelity) is a term for certain types of wireless local area network (WLAN) that use specifications in the 802. 11 family. The term Wi-Fi was created by an o rganization called the Wi-Fi Alliance, which oversees tests that certify product interoperability. A product that passes the conjunction tests is given the label Wi-Fi certified (a registered trademark).Originally, Wi-Fi certification was applicable only to products using the 802. 11b standard. Today, Wi-Fi can apply to products that use any 802. 11 standard. The 802. 11 specifications are part of an evolving set of wireless network standards known as the 802. 11 family. The particular specification under which a Wi-Fi network operates is called the flavor of the network. Any entity that has a wireless LAN should use security safeguards such as the Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) encryption standard, the more recent Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA), mesh communications protocol Security (IPsec), or a virtual private network (VPN).ALU An (ALU) Arithmetic Logic Unit is a digital circuit that performs arithmetic and logical operations. The ALU is a fundamental building block of the subst itution processing unit (CPU) of a computer, and even the simplest microprocessors contain one for purposes such as maintaining timers. The processors found inside neo CPUs and graphics processing units (GPUs) accommodate very powerful and very complex ALUs a wizard component may contain a number of ALUs. Mathematician stern von Neumann proposed the ALU concept in 1945, when he wrote a report on the bottoms for a new computer called the EDVAC.REFRESH RATE The refresh rate (most commonly the vertical refresh rate, vertical scan rate for CRTs) is the number of times in a second that pageantry hardware draws the data. This is distinct from the evaluate of frame rate in that the refresh rate includes the repeated drawing of identical frames, On CRT pompousnesss, increasing the refresh rate decreases flickering, thereby trim down eye strain. However, if a refresh rate is specified that is beyond what is recommended for the display, damage to the display can occur.For computer pr ograms or telemetry, the term is also applied to how often a datum is updated with a new external value from another source. RESULATION The display resolution of a digital television or display device is the number of distinct pixels in each dimension that can be displayed. It can be an ambiguous term especially as the displayed resolution is controlled by all unlike factors in cathode ray tube (CRT) and flat panel or projection displays using fixed picture-element (pixel) arrays.One use of the term display resolution applies to fixed-pixel-array displays such as plasma display panels (PDPs), liquid crystal displays (LCDs), Digital Light Processing (DLP) projectors, or similar technologies, and is simply the physical number of columns and rows of pixels creating the display (e. g. , 1920? 1200). A consequence of having a fixed grid display is that, for multi-format telly inputs, all displays need a scaling railway locomotive (a digital video processor that includes a memory array) to match the incoming picture format to the display.PIXEL A pixel (or picture element) is a single point in a raster image. The pixel is the smallest reference workable screen element, it is the smallest unit of picture which can be controlled. Each pixel has its own address. The address of a pixel corresponds to its coordinates. Pixels are normally arranged in a 2-dimensional grid, and are often represented using dots or squares. Each pixel is a sample of an original image, where more samples typically provide more-accurate representations of the original. The intensity of each pixel is variable.In color image systems, a color is typically represented by three or four component intensities such as red, green, and blue, or black. In some contexts (such as descriptions of camera sensors), the term pixel is used to refer to a single scalar element of a multi-component representation (more precisely called a photo site in the camera sensor context, although the neologism sensel is al so sometimes used to describe the elements of a digital cameras sensor),2 while in others the term may refer to the entire set of such component intensities for a spatial position.In color systems that use chrome sub sampling, the multi-component concept of a pixel can become difficult to apply, since the intensity measures for the different color components correspond to different spatial areas in such a representation. The word pixel is based on a contraction of pix (pictures) and el (for element) similar formations with el for element include the words voxel and texel. SCAN-PORT A port scanner is a software application designed to probe a network host for slack ports.This is often used by administrators to verify security policies of their networks and by attackers to identify streamletning services on a host with the view to compromise it. To portscan a host is to scan for listening ports on a single target host. To port sweep is to scan multiple hosts for a specific listening port. The last mentioned is typically used in searching for a specific service, for example, an SQL-based computer worm may port sweep looking for hosts listening on transmission control protocol port 1433.HTTP Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS) is a combination of the Hypertext Transfer Protocol with the SSL/TLS protocol to provide encryption and secure (website security testing) identification of the server. HTTPS connections are often used for payment transactions on the World Wide Web and for sensitive transactions in corporate information systems. HTTP is a request-response standard typical of client-server figuring. In HTTP, web browsers or spiders typically act as clients, while an application running on the computer hosting the web site acts as a server.The client, which submits HTTP requests, is also referred to as the user instrument. The responding server, which stores or creates resources such as HTML files and images, may be called the origin server. In bet ween the user agent and origin server may be several intermediaries, such as proxies, gateways, and tunnels. SEARCH ENGINE A program that searches documents for specified keywords and returns a list of the documents where the keywords were found. Although earch engine is really a general class of programs, the term is often used to specifically describe systems like Google, Alta Vista and Excite that enable users to search for documents on the World Wide Web and USENET newsgroups. Typically, a search engine works by sending aside a spider to fetch as some(prenominal) documents as possible. Another program, called an indexer, then reads these documents and creates an index based on the words contained in each document. Each search engine uses a proprietary algorithmic rule to create its indices such that, ideally, only meaningful results are returned for each query.RTAP Short for Real Time Streaming Protocol, a standard for controlling streaming data over the World Wide Web. Lik e H. 323, RTSP uses RTP (Real-Time Transport Protocol) to format packets of multimedia content. But whereas H. 323 is designed for videoconferencing of moderately-sized groups, RTSP is designed to efficiently broadcast audio-visual data to large groups. RTSP grew out of work done by Columbia University, Netscape and Real Networks. RSVP R. S. V. P. stands for a French phrase, repondez, sil vous plait, which means please reply. The person sending the invitation would like you to tell him or her whether you deliver or decline the invitation. That is, will you be coming to the event or not? Etiquette rules followed in most Western cultures require that if you receive a formal, written invitation, you should reply promptly, perhaps that same day. For hosts who are planning a dinner party, a wedding or a reception, this is important from a practical point of view, because they need to know how many people to count on and how much food and drink to buy.More important, though, is the sim ple courtesy of responding to someone who was nice full to invite you, even if it is to say that you regret that you will not be able to attend. APPLICATION SERVER Short for Domain Name System (or Service or Server), an net income service that fork ups domain label into IP addresses. Because domain names are alphabetic, theyre easier to remember. The Internet however, is really based on IP addresses. all(prenominal) time you use a domain name, therefore, a DNS service must translate the name into the corresponding IP address.For example, the domain name www. example. com might translate to 198. 105. 232. 4. The DNS system is, in fact, its own network. If one DNS server doesnt know how to translate a particular domain name, it asks another one, and so on, until the correct IP address is returned. MAIL-SERVER A mail server is a computer that serves as an electronic post office for telecommunicate. Mail exchanged across networks is passed between mail servers that run specially designed software.This software is built around agreed-upon, standardized protocols for handling mail messages, the graphics they might contain, and attachment files. Internet Service Providers (ISPs) each have a mail server for handling their clients mail messages, sometimes referred to as private mail servers. Some websites also offer public email services, utilizing their own mail servers. DNS The Domain Name System (DNS) is a hierarchical naming system for computers, services, or any resource connected to the Internet or a private network.It associates sundry(a) information with domain names assigned to each of the participants. Most importantly, it translates domain names meaningful to humans into the numerical (binary) identifiers associated with networking equipment for the purpose of repair and addressing these devices worldwide. An often-used analogy to explain the Domain Name System is that it serves as the phone book for the Internet by translating human-friendly compu ter hostnames into IP addresses. For example, www. example. com translates to 192. . 32. 10. The Domain Name System makes it possible to assign domain names to groups of Internet users in a meaningful way, independent of each users physical location. Because of this, World Wide Web (WWW) hyperlinks and Internet contact information can remain consistent and constant even if the current Internet routing arrangements change or the participant uses a mobile device. Internet domain names are easier to remember than IP addresses such as 208. 77. 188. 166 (IPv4) or 2001db81f70999de876486e8 (IPv6).The Domain Name System distributes the responsibility of assigning domain names and mapping those names to IP addresses by designating authoritative name servers for each domain. Authoritative name servers are assigned to be responsible for their particular domains, and in turn can assign other authoritative name servers for their sub-domains. This mechanism has made the DNS distributed and fault tolerant and has helped avoid the need for a single central register to be continually consulted and updated. In general, the Domain Name System also tores other types of information, such as the list of mail servers that accept email for a given Internet domain. By providing a worldwide, distributed keyword-based redirection service, the Domain Name System is an essential component of the functionality of the Internet. Other identifiers such as RFID tags, UPC codes, International offices in email addresses and host names, and a variety of other identifiers could all potentially utilize DNS. The Domain Name System also defines the technical underpinnings of the functionality of this database service.For this purpose it defines the DNS protocol, a detailed specification of the data structures and communication exchanges used in DNS, as part of the Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP). Symbian OS Symbian OS is an operating system (OS) designed for mobile devices and smart phones, with as sociated libraries, user interface, frameworks and reference implementations of common tools, originally developed by Symbian Ltd. It was a descendant of Psions EPOC and runs exclusively on ARM processors, although an suppressed x86 port existed.In 2008, the former Symbian Software Limited was acquired by Nokia and a new independent non-profit organisation called the Symbian Foundation was established. Symbian OS and its associated user interfaces S60, UIQ and MOAP(S) were contributed by their owners to the foundation with the objective of creating the Symbian chopine as a royalty-free, open source software. The platform has been designated as the triumphor to Symbian OS, following the official launch of the Symbian Foundation in April 2009. The Symbian platform was officially made available as open source code in February 2010.Devices based on Symbian OS account for 46. 9% of smartphone sales, making it the worlds most popular mobile operating system. DE-MORGAN The law is named a fter Augustus De Morgan (18061871)3 who introduced a formal version of the laws to classical propositional logic. De Morgans formulation was influenced by algebraization of logic undertaken by George Boole, which later cemented De Morgans choose to the find. In formal logic, De Morgans laws are rules relating the logical operators and and or in terms of each other via negation, namely NOT (P OR Q) = (NOT P) AND (NOT Q) NOT (P AND Q) = (NOT P) OR (NOT Q)EBCDIC increase Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code (EBCDIC) is an 8-bit character encryption (code page) used on IBM mainframe operating systems such as z/OS, OS/390, VM and VSE, as well as IBM midrange computer operating systems such as OS/400 and i5/OS (see also Binary Coded Decimal). It is also employed on various non-IBM platforms such as Fujitsu-Siemens BS2000/OSD, HP MPE/iX, and Unisys MCP. EBCDIC descended from the code used with punched cards and the corresponding six bit binary-coded decimal code used with most of IBMs c omputer peripherals of the late 1950s and early 1960s.ASCII Acronym for the American Standard Code for Information Interchange. Pronounced ask-ee, ASCII is a code for representing English characters as numbers, with each letter assigned a number from 0 to 127. For example, the ASCII code for uppercase M is 77. Most computers use ASCII codes to represent text, which makes it possible to transfer data from one computer to another. UNICODE Unicode is a computing industry standard for the consistent representation and manipulation of text expressed in most of the worlds writing systems.Developed in conjunction with the Universal lineament Set standard and published in book form as The Unicode Standard, the latest version of Unicode consists of a repertoire of more than 107,000 characters covering 90 scripts, a set of code charts for visual reference, an encoding methodology and set of standard character encodings, an enumeration of character properties such as upper and lower case, a s et of reference data computer files, and a number of related items, such as character properties, rules for normalization, decomposition, collation, rendering, and bidirectional display order (for the correct display of text containing both right-to-left scripts, such as Arabic or Hebrew, and left-to-right scripts). The Unicode Consortium, the nonprofit organization that coordinates Unicodes development, has the ambitious goal of eventually replacing existing character encoding schemes with Unicode and its standard Unicode Transformation Format (UTF) schemes, as many of the existing schemes are limited in size and scope and are incompatible with multilingual environments.Unicodes success at unifying character sets has led to its widespread and predominant use in the internationalization and localization of computer software. The standard has been implemented in many recent technologies, including XML, the Java programming language, the Microsoft . NET Framework, and modern operating systems. Unicode can be implemented by different character encodings. The most commonly used encodings are UTF-8 (which uses one byte for any ASCII characters, which have the same code values in both UTF-8 and ASCII encoding, and up to four bytes for other characters), the now-obsolete UCS-2 (which uses two bytes for each character but cannot encode every character in the current Unicode standard), and UTF-16 (which extends UCS-2 to handle code points beyond the scope of UCS-2).