Classroom Discipline Essay

Effective discipline is a challenge for all educators. â€Å"The issue of discipline, also referred to as classroom management, continues to surface as one of the most challenging problems in education today† (â€Å"The Discipline Dilemma: Problems and Promises. †). Research suggests in order to maintain a well-disciplined classroom, teachers must establish rules and expectations, enforce limits of rules, encourage and reinforce positive behavior, and effectively manage their classrooms. Effective discipline begins with rules, enforced with logical and meaningful consequences. Desired behavior is encouraged and positively reinforced. Teachers who manage their classroom efficiently use discipline as a teaching tool so students benefit and learn stability, order, respect, and values of law. â€Å"Strictly speaking, discipline means to teach, not to punish† (â€Å"Discipline as Teaching†). Setting clear, firm rules and expectation which leave little room for interpretation will establish a solid foundation by which a classroom will function. Begin the school year by setting clear rules, and using good morals and values to build positive expectations. The use of positive language will promote the behavior desired from students. Setting positive rules and expectations will give teachers and students the right mindset to start the school year off right. Start the school year off by setting clear rules. â€Å"The formulation of classroom rules from the beginning of the year has been found to be one of the most important components of effective discipline† (â€Å"Discipline in K through 8th Grade Classrooms†) The first day of school, while teachers are getting to know students and vice versa, is a good day to establish what is expected before any misbehavior can occur. Involve students in the rule making process. This allows them to voice what they expect of their classmates. Depending on the age of students, teachers may get unusual requests for rules; however, students may also have expectations of their peers which the teacher may not have thought of. Students should not make all of the rules for the class, so their input should be limited to an appropriate, manageable number. After rules are made, they should be discussed and posted where they can be easily seen. Students should fully understand what is expected so little room is left for them to interpret what they is desired. There should be a time for questions about rules so students can get clarification on any rules they do not understand. Students should also be able to demonstrate their understanding by putting the newly established rules to use in practice scenarios. By posting rules where they are easily visible, students can be easily reminded of what is expected of them. Most importantly, teachers should be prepared to change and revise rules if they are not functioning in the intended way. Include students in the change. They should give their input on why the rule is not working and how it should be modified to suit its purpose. Teachers are ultimately responsible to make changes. Once a new or modified rule is established, it should be put into effect and students should be reminded of the change when necessary. The use of good morals and values to build positive expectations will help students build character qualities that will enhance the learning environment. â€Å"The most effective and respected teachers express their beliefs, demands, and expectations within the context of clear values and goals that benefit learning† (â€Å"`Discipline with dignity’: Beyond obedience. â€Å"). Positive expectations tell what qualities are desired and how those qualities can be achieved. For example, honesty is a quality desired by all teachers and would be achieved by telling students to tell the truth all of the time. The quality is stated in a positive manner, instead of using the negative, â€Å"do not lie. † Use a mission statement to define what is desired and expected. The statement should give purpose to classroom rules. It should give a general explanation of what is expected and should communicate positive expectations effectively. The mission statement should also be used to troubleshoot behavior, by asking students if their behavior agrees with the expectations in mission statement. Give appropriate expectations so goals are attainable. When goals are reached, teachers should acknowledge the achievement and set higher goals. Students should have individual and class goals. Students learn and mature in different ways, making individual goals just as important as goals set for the class. Responsibility is a goal all teachers have for their students and as such a goal is reached, students should be given more responsibility and independence. Teachers should use positive language to promote the behavior they want from students. Effective teachers communicate in a way that promotes what is desired, rather than what is not desired. Rules and expectations should inform students what to do instead of what not to do. Teachers should refrain from using words like â€Å"do not,† â€Å"never,† among others. Rules should be put in a format that states a direction and an action. For example, â€Å"When getting in line, always line up in two lines with boys in one line and girls in another. † Telling students what not to do will leave students guessing what they are supposed to do. Teachers should speak using positive words, even when giving feedback on a negative situation. Teachers should set the example of positive behavior for students. Most students look up to their teachers. Sometimes, teachers are the only positive influence on students. In light of this, teachers should behave accordingly and be cautious of what they say and do in the presence of their students. When rules are not followed, teachers must enforce limits of rules with fair and effective punishment. It is necessary for students to be held accountable for their actions. Teachers should use action to enforce rules and communicate effectively with students to reach an understanding and solution. Students should be held accountable for their actions. â€Å"They [teachers] hold students accountable by expressing approval and disapproval, and they seek consequences that teach each student a connection between what they have done and what happens as a result of those actions† (â€Å"`Discipline with dignity’: Beyond obedience. â€Å"). When students are held accountable, they are learning that all of their choices have consequences. Broken rules should be enforced immediately. Teachers should correct misbehavior and broken rules as soon as they are noticed. Punishment should be done privately; however, correction should be immediate. If a teacher ignores one broken rule or behavior, the student will continue to test the limits of the established rules. Enforcement should be simple and should let the student know you see what is happening. For example, â€Å"It’s a good thing I like you,† â€Å"Here’s the deal: I’ll pretend I didn’t see that, and you never do it again,† â€Å"Consider yourself scolded,† â€Å"Can you solve that? Or do you need me to intervene,† â€Å"Am I driving you over the edge? † and â€Å"That’s inappropriate† (â€Å"Learning to Discipline. â€Å"). When rules are being enforced, teachers should focus on the rule broken, not the problem. For ten rules, there could be fifty problems. When enforcing rules, the problem should not be the focus. For instance, a student is talking while another student is addressing the class. When correcting the behavior of the student who is talking, the teacher should focus on the rule: Be respectful to all students and teachers. The situation can easily be corrected by saying something like, â€Å"You were talking while another student was giving a book report. Our rules say we are to be respectful to all students and teachers. † This method allows students to understand that talking is not always a problem, but they must follow the rules. Use action to enforce rules when needed. â€Å"Teachers must use action, not anger to control behavior† (â€Å"A Back-to-Basics Approach to Classroom Discipline. â€Å"). Teachers should avoid yelling at students as a control measure. Anger will upset students instead of correcting their behavior, and they may later lash out in anger. Action shows students the teacher is in control. When action is required, it should be swift and firm, without negotiation. If teachers threaten punishment, they should follow through. Punishment should be given the same day it is warranted, if possible. Once a punishment has been decided, students should not be allowed to negotiate the punishment or its terms. Use a variety of consequences and vary them for different students; not all students will respond to the same consequences. At the same time, using the same punishment over and over will not be effective. Subject work should not be given as a punishment. Use positive punishment when possible, giving students a chance to apologize in writing or in front of the class, or  rectifying a situation. Consistency is essential when disciplining students. Avoiding favorites is one way to ensure discipline will be consistent. Similar infractions should have similar consequences. If more than one student is being punished for the same offence, all of the students should receive a similar punishment. Effective communication is essential when correcting and disciplining students. A one-on-one conversation should take place that identifies the broken rule, explains the punishment and gives feedback. When speaking to students, teachers should ask for input from the student about the situation. In gathering information, teachers need to know the difference between a mistake and misbehavior; mistakes happen while learning while misbehavior is intentional. To maintain the dignity of students, teachers should have a one on one conversation to identify the reason a rule was broken and to gather any additional information needed to make a logical decision about a punishment. â€Å"Through conversation and social interaction with more capable adults and peers, students can negotiate ways to reach an understanding and/or a solution to the problem at hand† (â€Å"Classroom Management: Seventy-Three Suggestions for Secondary School Teachers. â€Å"). When enforcing discipline with a punishment, teachers should explain the wrong doing and why it goes against classroom rules. It is important to remember to focus on the rule, not the problem. Furthermore, the punishment should also be explained in detail to avoid any confusion. During the one-on-one conversation, teachers should give feedback on the negative behavior and why it is not desired. Include ways to keep the behavior from resurfacing. Also, talk about ways to further improve. Things discussed in this conversation should stay between the teacher and student. Reinforcement and encouragement of positive behavior by teachers is necessary for students to exhibit good behavior. The teacher must set the standards and go about efficiently and consistently shaping the appropriate behavior Teachers should encourage positive behavior. They should be a positive influence, but not force students to change. Teachers will be encouraging positive behavior by empowering students to make good choices on their own, while recognizing the consequences of the wrong choices. Ask questions before a rule is broken that requires the student’s thought and reflection. When teachers give students options regarding which choices to make, students will then think about the end result and the consequences of their choices. It is also necessary to reinforce positive behavior in a way that encourages students. Students learn to behave only as certain behaviors are reinforced. When reinforcing behavior, teachers should recognize good attitudes and the desires of their students to learn. Rewards are always a good idea when reinforcing behavior; however, students should understand a reward is something you earn, not something required. In effectively managed classrooms, the teacher is the authoritarian. Teachers should plan ahead and be prepared. The teacher should also be the final authority, especially concerning how students are to be and how the class schedule will run. In a classroom, the teacher is responsible for the learning that takes place. Successful teachers are prepared before coming to school, so they can begin reaching as soon as the late bell rings. Teachers must have lessons planned in advance and have daily objectives for each subject to be taught. Teachers should strive for a productive classroom where students are learning and achieving. â€Å"†¦two goals teachers should have: productive classroom environment and student satisfaction. â€Å"No teacher can truly succeed without achieving both goals† (â€Å"Classroom Management: Seventy-Three Suggestions for Secondary School Teachers†). Teachers should also be the authority for their students. It is the job of the teacher to lead students. Teachers have a duty to their students to structure their class schedule and decide how class time is best utilized. Teachers also have the responsibility to make an organized seating arrangement that allows students to learn and be productive, and allows for the teacher to reach each student. â€Å"Authoritarians know that students work and learn best in well-organized, directional, and purposeful classrooms† (â€Å"A Back-to-Basics Approach to Classroom Discipline. â€Å"). In conclusion, discipline is the foundation of a successful classroom. Research suggests in order to maintain a well-disciplined classroom, teachers must establish rules and expectations, enforce limits of rules, encourage and reinforce positive behavior, and effectively manage their classrooms. With established rules and positive expectations, students will know what behavior is desired. Teachers should be prepared for discipline problems with firm and fair action. Effective classroom management will allow for a productive and purposeful classroom. Whatever the causes of student misbehavior, there’s no denying that being able to skillfully handle it is a prerequisite for getting kids engaged in worthwhile content or moving peacefully from class to class. Works Cited Conte, Anthony E. The Discipline Dilemma: Problems and Promises Education. 2. 115. 308. Chemlynski, Carol. Discipline as Teaching. Education Digest. 3. 62. 42. Geiger, Brenda. Discipline in K through 8th Grade Classrooms. Education Digest. 2. 121. 383. Curwin, Richard L. `Discipline with dignity: Beyond obedience. Education Digest. 4. 63. 11. Metzger, Margaret. Learning to Discipline. Phi Delta Kappan. 1. 84. 170. McDaniel, Thomas R. A Back-to-Basics Approach to Classroom Discipline. Cleaning House. 5. 67. 254 Brainard, Edward. Classroom Management: Seventy-Three Suggestions for Secondary School Teachers. Cleaning House. 4. 74. 207.

Suburban Regional Shopping

Running head: CAN THE MAGIC BE RESTORED? Suburban Regional Shopping Malls: Can the Magic Be Restored? Stephanie Austin Upper Iowa University Suburban Regional Shopping Malls: Can the Magic Be Restored? Imagine yourself as the manager of a struggling local suburban regional shopping mall. What do you think the mall should do to improve its performance? According to the textbook, the retail life cycle consists of the introduction, growth, maturity, and decline. (Perreault, Jr. Cannon, & McCarthy, 2011) To keep a local suburban regional shopping mall from reaching its decline, one must spend time and money during the maturity phase to keep with today’s trends. If a mall is declining, a manager must get more department or anchor stores to draw in business. Fill other spaces with specialty stores, offering products that consumers can’t get anywhere else. Another option for managers is to find a niche in the community that will draw consumers in. A suggestion that was used in the book was to add entertainment to the center of the mall.The entertainment can be anything from holiday shows, occasional concerts, a playground for kids, or even just an open area with comfortable resting spots where customers can relax and de-stress. A perfect type of idea would be a small coffee house type of area that serves coffee and soda with a waitresses on staff to cater to each patron’s needs. Especially during the holiday season, this would be a great relaxing way for customers to rest their feet and collect their thoughts before heading to the next store on the list. Another change that would need to be made is changing store configurations, referred to as zonal merchandising.This is where you group together stores that serve the same basic need and draw the same basic shoppers. This will help those shoppers that come to the mall to purchase a specific product. They then will see the other stores that sell similar products to what they are looking for and poss ibly stroll on into a new store. The most common use of zonal merchandizing has been used in food courts, which has been proven effective. â€Å"†¦ several new [building] projects have incorporated zonal merchandising principles, including Rivertown Crossings in Grand Rapids, Mighigan, which†¦ rouped some categories of stores by product line carried, and Park Meadows in Denver, Colorado†¦ has grouped stores by customer lifestyle. Attempts to reconfigure existing centers around zonal merchandising ideas, such as the changes at Glendale Galleria in Glendale, California, seem to be successful as well. † (insert book authors) The last thing and possibly most important thing a manager should do is create a mall website that lists all the stores, any possible coupons, discounts, or specials that may be happening, as well as links to all the stores so a person can â€Å"window shop† before ever stepping foot into the mall.One could even go as far as to offer di scounts to those who shop online thru the mall website, therefore drawing traffic to the website. Through the mall website, a consumer may find a link to another store that he/she has heard of before and then can check out its merchandise. Possibly aiding that store in achieving another customer. What shopping trends do you foresee over the next 10 years? How might these trends affect suburban regional shopping malls?Shopping trends over the next 10 years will include more technology with online shopping with tagging, kiosks for easy check-outs when a consumer does venture out, and apps that allow you to pay via smartphone. â€Å"This will also bring many benefits to life like automatic checkout, as you walk out, making cashiers less necessary in many categories. This means no more checkout lines and more service personnel to make your shopping experience a pleasure. This is already happening in Japan and other counties outside the US. † (site article)Shopping via tagging wil l be a new concept that will be a big hit. See a cute pair of shoes on the girl across the street? Consumer will point and say â€Å"tag it†. The smartphone will search the internet for that product and allow the consumer to see it and purchase that pair of shoes, right then and there. Everyone has been somewhere where they see something they like on someone, but are too afraid to ask the person where he/she got the item or even how much they paid for it. Experience Rethink author Brian Regienczuk has this to say, â€Å"As you move through your day, it will be asier to tag items you like and buy them immediately or add them to your shopping list. For example, a purse or pair of shoes on a passerby catches your eye. You say â€Å"tag item† as you look at the item and immediately receive confirmation that the item has been identified. Buy it now or add it to a list for later. † (Year of article) These trends will affect suburban regional shopping malls negatively at first, but as time goes by, consumers will still be drawn to the feeling and concept of strolling through malls, talking with their friends, and paroozing in and out of stores.Things that will be lost with the online shopping world. What new retail concepts can you identify? How might you learn about more? To learn about more, a mall manager could tour and visit other malls with similar demographics. What strategies do you suggest for learning about new retail concepts? To learn more about retail concepts, a company could hire a marketing firm and a technology firm to identify up and coming trends in the new markets. Certain firms specialize in this area.References Heller, L. (2011, April 20). The Future of Online Shopping: 10 Trends to Watch. Retrieved from www. Forbes. com: http://www. forbes. com/sites/lauraheller/2011/04/20/the-future-of-online-shopping-10-trends-to-watch/ Perreault, Jr. , W. D. , Cannon, J. P. , & McCarthy, E. J. (2011). Basic Marketing: A Marketing Stragety Planning Approach. New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin Company. http://experiencerethink. wordpress. com/2010/09/23/the-future-of-shopping-2020/

American Jury System

The United States Court system has provided order and justice for the United States of America. The court system was made to make sure all citizens are receiving a fair trial despite gender, race, color, national origin, or religion. Each of the fifty states has its own state constitution and governmental structure. The court system is made up of laws, statue, and codes. President George Washington signed a law on September 24, 1789 called The Judiciary Act. This law established the jurisdiction and constructed the federal court system of the federal court system and made the attorney general position. The Court system is made up of many laws. The 1st and oldest federal law is the Constitutional law. This law is created in 1787 and is the oldest law. This law is held very high because it cannot be duplicated. The Statutory law is another made that is similar to the judicial law. Statutory laws are made by legal cases, which mean when a judge rules on a case; it becomes law on all future cases that are similar. The Administrative Law is another source of law that is known as the regulatory law. This law governs both state and federal agencies. With these sources of laws in the United States, the regulations have numerous aspects. Common Laws were also created in the court system and were originated in England. These laws were made to be a factor in civil, property, and contract cases. Common law was made by judges through decisions of the courts. A common law system follows the policy of stare decisis. The Court system is made up of many levels. There are 3 structures of the federal courts. The district courts, Courts of Appeals (appellate court) and Supreme Courts are made up in the federal court system. The appellate courts have no original jurisdiction. This court hears appeals from district courts and from federal agencies. The Federal Court system is a complex system for trying cases within the guidelines set forth by the United States Constitution and Congress. Federal Courts are imited in the types of cases in which they can preside over. They can only hear cases which involve diversity in citizenship or a federal question. Diversity of citizenship is when there is an issue between two parties who are located in different states but also cases that involve other countries. A federal question is when one of the parties involved in the case has an issue regarding a federal law or statute. Courts are made to find the purp ose of their jurisdiction. Federal courts have special jurisdiction over bankruptcy claims against the U. S and duplicated cases. This is the reason why special federal courts are just trial courts with limited jurisdiction. The Federal District Courts were made because it is the biggest class of federal courts that are able to maintain and handle multiple strengths of cases. Because the district court is a trial court you can have criminal and civil cases as long as they meet certain criteria. The Federal Courts of Appeal was developed to relieve the Supreme Court of hard difficult cases. They look at the decisions made by the lower courts and overturn and make a new decision. The Supreme Court is the highest court in the United States. The purpose of the Supreme Court is to make sure that the laws and decision that are made in the United States are constitutional. The Supreme Court protects the constitution and what it stands for. In some situations the federal courts may appeal the case and it is going to get reviewed. State Courts handle cases for residents with inside/border of the state. Inferior/Civil Courts are known as small courts with small jurisdiction. This court is considered to hear minor criminal offenses and disputes between citizens. This can be considered a civil suit between property or anything that has to do with any civilian A Courts of Original General Jurisdiction is where a case is first tried. There is no appeal because the case has not retired. This court is called a trial court because they hear witnesses, receive evidence, and they try the case. Everything that happened in the trial is kept as a permanent record. Every state in the United State provide a state court of appeals, which is called Appellate Courts. People who are dissatisfied with the final judgment or think that the ruling was unfair can appeal their case. Usually the people that appeal are the ones convicted of murder or getting a death penalty. Defendants can always have many rights. They have the right to have a fair trial, represent an attorney, and to plead guilty or not guilty. Defense attorneys can assist clients throughout the trial. The attorney can give advice to the client and help with the prosecution. The attorney can give out all the evidence to drop charges against the client. Attorneys can give you advice to whether plead guilty, not guilty or no contest. They can also try and reduce your bail. Attorneys recommended trying to get a plea bargain to where you can get a reduce punishment if you know you’re going to get convicted. They can also try and reduce your bail. The main things of the court system are protecting individuals, upholding the law, reinforcing social norms, and resolving disputes. The United States Constitution was written to protect the people of the United States of America from its own government and to protect individual’s freedom and liberties and in criminal cases. The Constitution was made and designs to protect individual’s freedom and liberties. Without the court system the United States would be corrupt and many people would never get a fair trial. The court system is where everything goes to trial to prove whether there either guilty or not guilty. Resources http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Jury_trial http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Appellate_court http://www. littletongov. org/court/rights. asp http://www. wisegeek. com/what-does-an-attorney-do. htm#lbss http://www. attorneys. com/criminal-defense/what-do-criminal-defense-attorneys-do/ American Jury System The United States Court system has provided order and justice for the United States of America. The court system was made to make sure all citizens are receiving a fair trial despite gender, race, color, national origin, or religion. Each of the fifty states has its own state constitution and governmental structure. The court system is made up of laws, statue, and codes. President George Washington signed a law on September 24, 1789 called The Judiciary Act. This law established the jurisdiction and constructed the federal court system of the federal court system and made the attorney general position. The Court system is made up of many laws. The 1st and oldest federal law is the Constitutional law. This law is created in 1787 and is the oldest law. This law is held very high because it cannot be duplicated. The Statutory law is another made that is similar to the judicial law. Statutory laws are made by legal cases, which mean when a judge rules on a case; it becomes law on all future cases that are similar. The Administrative Law is another source of law that is known as the regulatory law. This law governs both state and federal agencies. With these sources of laws in the United States, the regulations have numerous aspects. Common Laws were also created in the court system and were originated in England. These laws were made to be a factor in civil, property, and contract cases. Common law was made by judges through decisions of the courts. A common law system follows the policy of stare decisis. The Court system is made up of many levels. There are 3 structures of the federal courts. The district courts, Courts of Appeals (appellate court) and Supreme Courts are made up in the federal court system. The appellate courts have no original jurisdiction. This court hears appeals from district courts and from federal agencies. The Federal Court system is a complex system for trying cases within the guidelines set forth by the United States Constitution and Congress. Federal Courts are imited in the types of cases in which they can preside over. They can only hear cases which involve diversity in citizenship or a federal question. Diversity of citizenship is when there is an issue between two parties who are located in different states but also cases that involve other countries. A federal question is when one of the parties involved in the case has an issue regarding a federal law or statute. Courts are made to find the purp ose of their jurisdiction. Federal courts have special jurisdiction over bankruptcy claims against the U. S and duplicated cases. This is the reason why special federal courts are just trial courts with limited jurisdiction. The Federal District Courts were made because it is the biggest class of federal courts that are able to maintain and handle multiple strengths of cases. Because the district court is a trial court you can have criminal and civil cases as long as they meet certain criteria. The Federal Courts of Appeal was developed to relieve the Supreme Court of hard difficult cases. They look at the decisions made by the lower courts and overturn and make a new decision. The Supreme Court is the highest court in the United States. The purpose of the Supreme Court is to make sure that the laws and decision that are made in the United States are constitutional. The Supreme Court protects the constitution and what it stands for. In some situations the federal courts may appeal the case and it is going to get reviewed. State Courts handle cases for residents with inside/border of the state. Inferior/Civil Courts are known as small courts with small jurisdiction. This court is considered to hear minor criminal offenses and disputes between citizens. This can be considered a civil suit between property or anything that has to do with any civilian A Courts of Original General Jurisdiction is where a case is first tried. There is no appeal because the case has not retired. This court is called a trial court because they hear witnesses, receive evidence, and they try the case. Everything that happened in the trial is kept as a permanent record. Every state in the United State provide a state court of appeals, which is called Appellate Courts. People who are dissatisfied with the final judgment or think that the ruling was unfair can appeal their case. Usually the people that appeal are the ones convicted of murder or getting a death penalty. Defendants can always have many rights. They have the right to have a fair trial, represent an attorney, and to plead guilty or not guilty. Defense attorneys can assist clients throughout the trial. The attorney can give advice to the client and help with the prosecution. The attorney can give out all the evidence to drop charges against the client. Attorneys can give you advice to whether plead guilty, not guilty or no contest. They can also try and reduce your bail. Attorneys recommended trying to get a plea bargain to where you can get a reduce punishment if you know you’re going to get convicted. They can also try and reduce your bail. The main things of the court system are protecting individuals, upholding the law, reinforcing social norms, and resolving disputes. The United States Constitution was written to protect the people of the United States of America from its own government and to protect individual’s freedom and liberties and in criminal cases. The Constitution was made and designs to protect individual’s freedom and liberties. Without the court system the United States would be corrupt and many people would never get a fair trial. The court system is where everything goes to trial to prove whether there either guilty or not guilty. Resources http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Jury_trial http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Appellate_court http://www. littletongov. org/court/rights. asp http://www. wisegeek. com/what-does-an-attorney-do. htm#lbss http://www. attorneys. com/criminal-defense/what-do-criminal-defense-attorneys-do/

'Compare and contrast Martin Amis In the Palace of the End with Latif Essay

'Compare and contrast Martin Amis In the Palace of the End with Latif Yahia The Devil's Double' - Essay Example of the End by Martin Amis presents the story of Old Nadir who was the powerful dictators preparing his son, the Next Nadir, for the inheritance of the throne (Finney, 2013:33). On the other hand, the story, The Devils Double by Latif Yahia is based on the ruling regime of Saddam Hussein in Iraq, who is also preparing his son, Uday Hussein, for the inheritance of the throne (YahÃŒ £yaÃŒ , 2011:2). Thus basically, the two stories follow a similar style of narration, since they center on the lives of the anticipated heirs to the throne, and the vigorous process of inhumane lives they live, mostly characterized by torturing the perceived enemies of the throne. The plot of the two stories has similarly followed the lives of these heirs to the throne, though not mostly centered on their personal lives, but the lives of their personal body doubles, who are meant to act like them in every way, so they can take the risk that such heirs are exposed to, at the expense of the heirs themselves. Latif Yahia is the personal double of Uday Hussein in the story The Devils Double, and he is the narrator of the story. Similarly, the story In the Palace of the End by Martin Amis is narrated by an unnamed character who is the personal double of the Next Nadir (Greaney, 2008:21). Thus, the fundamental comparison between these two stories is that they apply the same style of story narration, which is first person narration. The stories are narrated by the actual individuals who are participating in the activities of impersonating the heirs to the throne, and every aspect of the narration is their own account of what they have done or what has happened to them, in the process of living as the real heirs to the throne (Keulks, 2006:47). The application of this style of narrating the story by the authors of the two books is simply meant to show the real situation of dictatorship in the countries such as Iraq during the reign of Saddam Hussein as experienced firsthand by the characters

How to protect a home from burglars Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

How to protect a home from burglars - Essay Example Therefore, adoption of appropriate home management ideals and measures by homeowners is critical to ensure adequate protection of property. This paper gives in-depth analysis of home burglary, its causes, effects and prevention measures. Ideally, burglary practices have been in the increasing end with most authorities stating that its prevalence may be detrimental in the end if not addressed. Therefore, authorities have initiated deliberations towards providing sustainable solution to its effects which threaten to paralyze economic growth and prospects of various nations (Wynn 1). In US, crime prevention council has been put in place to develop sufficient modalities towards offering amicable solution to the problem. Similarly, they are charged with mandate to analyze its root causes and to make potential recommendations with security orientation. Evidently, burglary is a vice, which is caused by several factors requiring sufficient solution towards developing societies with sustainable growth prospects. The practice is economically instigated due to high poverty levels and increased desire to fulfill human obligations. According to Gorman unemployment and low income, capacities have immensely catalyzed burglary practices globally. He asserts that burglary cases have proportionately increased at similar margin compared to unemployment rate. This is equivocally attributable to low economic prospects, which cannot support creation of satisfactory jobs for all currently (Fennelly 13). Consequently, peer pressure also enhances individual’s ability to engage in burglary activities through compromised values. Evidently, most friends have influenced their peers into immoral activities, especially individuals of questionable character who always engage in unfair practices. Imperatively, it is important to note that individuals should adequately analyze and understand character traits

Finding meaning in Dorianne Laux's Dust Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Finding meaning in Dorianne Laux's Dust - Essay Example Hence, in association with the feeling afore mentioned, we will discuss the use of image of God to represent the poet’s inner muse, how the poet state the functioning of human’s mind and lastly the human nature of closing eyes to the truth and opportunities of life. There are numerous poets who use the imagery, specifically of God to imply certain angles of life and so is the case with Laux’s ‘Dust. She in her third last line â€Å"God comes to your window† uses the word God to portray the inner inspiration of hers. It is not God that she is talking about, but the muse that people have within themselves, but choose to ignore it as a result of being maybe unsuccessful in you previous days, conformity or just laziness. Furthermore, people might don’t agree with a specific content of religion such as sin, rewards, punishment, fate or destiny, but the word God does attract a large number of reader and audience as it can be also used in context of culture. Moving to the next idea that is the functioning of human’s mind, in the whole poem Laux has clearly indicated that the functioning of a human mind is very complex and obtrusive. She illustrates through the first few lines of her poem â€Å"Someone spoke to me last night, told me the truth. But I recognized it† tells us that there are moment in an human’s life that they are provided with the truth and it’s that truth which they know relates to them, and for which they try to search for their whole life, but the next phrases implies that when they are in hold of that reality, they do nothing of it. Furthermore, the poem also indicates that during the hardships of life, people usually forget what the truth and reality had been about even if they recognize it. They just remember that there is truth for them or a reality concerning them, but they don’t remember the essence of it. The last idea connects to the previous one and outlines an intriguing nature of human

Political and Social Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Political and Social Theory - Essay Example As the paper outlines, team cohesion refers to the ability of employees and the management to work together towards attaining the same goal. Through the role theory, both parties know what duties they ought to perform. The role theory defines the expectations of the employee; therefore staff members perform their roles bearing in mind that they are individual members of a team aiming at eventually achieving the same goal (Harnisch, 2011). On the other hand, functionalism shows the employees that each department in an organization forms a synchronized system which ought to function in unison so as to obtain the key target (Kendall, 2007). Therefore, these two theories help in displaying the reason both the employees and management, who have different functions, should work synchronously to achieve the main interest.  Conflict resolution in institutions refers to the ability of affiliates to provide solutions that resolve group differences. In any group, lack of knowledge about oneâ €™s role and position often leads to conflict. Therefore, in order to avoid or resolve the differences that may develop, the management should apply concepts found in both the role theory and functionalism. Concepts of the role theory such as expectations and resources stipulate some of the duties an employee has to perform and the supplies provided (Harnisch, 2011). Similarly, the functionalism perspective describes some of the activities particular members of the organization need to accomplish in order to assist in the overall production of the whole corporation (Quah, 1990). Both theories are beneficial in preventing and resolving conflict since they help the management and employees to understand their individual roles.

Four Main Debates in the Field of Global Strategy by Peng and Essay

Four Main Debates in the Field of Global Strategy by Peng and Pleggenkuhle-Miles - Essay Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that global strategy has been popularly understood to refer to the strategic guidance of any organization as the organization seeks to pursue different geographic markets. However, the fact that the definition is not clear as regards to what extent a global strategy should address has generated a heated debate. The paper, Current Debates in Global Strategy provides a unique review of the four current debates as regards global strategy. The four debates are cultural vs. institutional distance, global vs. regional geographic diversification, convergence vs. divergence in corporate governance and lastly domestic vs. overseas corporate social responsibility which are all widely believed to be connected to the institution-based view of global strategy. Peng and Pleggenkuhle-Miles track down the history of each debate while also highlighting the emerging tension of each debate. On the other hand, globalization has transformed and currently is mainl y characterized by its growing interdependency between countries and continues to be multi-faceted with various different business aspects. Peng and Pleggenkuhle-Miles give focus on the four debates informed by the belief that in order to properly analyze literature on global strategy, we have to first pick debates that are fairly distinct from one another. Additionally, a historical aspect was taken into consideration through identification of debates with varying timelines. In understanding the four debates, it is important that we understand the authors perceive global strategy as the strategy employed by firms, both international and domestic around the globe in a bid to compete successfully which in other words imply that their view is based on their belief that global strategy is to a large extent closely lies between strategic management and international business.

Business Letter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Business Letter - Essay Example Our story hereby attests to the deep love, affection and respect for my wife: We had only been married last year, specifically on January 27, 2012. Our love story actually started since we were just in grade three in Zhanjiang Chunhui Elementary school, a private school where students from wealthy families are enrolled. When she transferred to a new school without notice, we lost contact for almost 16 years. I was so disappointed when I could not find a way to know her whereabouts. In these 16 years, I frequently would think about her. Luckily, in 2010, a miracle happened. I accidentally got contact with her through a web application called Renren, it’s a Chinese application like Facebook. We picked up our childhood stories, and she told me she has fallen in love with me when she was still a very little girl. At that time, I really wanted to meet her, but she had to complete co-op work terms as her program required, and I understand my company was just started. I didn’t have any capital so were not qualified to apply a Canadian entry visa. In addition, my father invested over 10 million in my company. I did not want to disappointment my parents. We started long distance relationship since then. In almost two years, we chatted every day through internet or phone. Long distance love is painful and very challenging. Long distance became the main obstacle for our relationship; and in fact, we argued over it frequently and almost caused a break-up. In Christmas of 2011, she completed her second coop work term in Provincial Health Services Authority (PHSA). She finally had a vacation, and traveled back to China on January 1, 2012. I introduced her to my parents, my family, and my friends. We finally got married on January 27, 2012. As a mature adult, I promised to give her better life as she grew up in a wealthy family. Last year, when my hard work got paid off, I have generated enough

Crm Banking Sector Essay Example for Free

Crm Banking Sector Essay A study of customer perception of CRM initiatives in the Indian Banking Sector Vanisha Oogarah-Hanuman Lecturer Faculty of Law and Management University of Mauritius Sharmila Pudaruth Lecturer Faculty of Law and Management University of Mauritius Vinod Kumar Research Scholar Department of Management Studies School of Management Pondicherry University Victor Anandkumar Reader Department of Management Studies School of Management Pondicherry University ABSTRACT Purpose: To investigate the front-end effectiveness of CRM strategies in the banking sector in India by studying the customer perception of CRM initiatives. This is an empirical research which is descriptive in nature and relied mainly on primary data collected through a structured questionnaire to study the perception of Indian customers. Findings: Banks operating in India have failed to impress their customers on their CRM efforts. Various CRM initiates and dimensions measured in this study report unfavorable response. This under-performance has occurred in spite of technological developments and new processes in place Practical implications: The findings will have useful implications for Banks operating in India in order to think in line with the customers’ response. The study emphasizes the importance of retaining profitable customers for a lifetime and the growing importance of CRM in order to better satisfy customers in the Indian Banking Industry. Originality/value: Crucial aspects pertaining to CRM in the Indian banking sector had been under-researched and the aim of the present study is to have a broadened investigation of the CRM initiatives adopted by Indian banks. The study provides a discussion on the concept of CRM in the Indian banking sector and proposes recommendations to assist the banking sector on how to nurture profitable, long-term relationships with the customers Volume:01, Number:04, August-2011 www. theinternationaljournal. org Page 1 1. Introduction In today’s banking environment, it is becoming difficult to build and maintain strong and lasting relationships with customers. In fact, the challenges of building strong customer relationships have become even greater for banks with the emergence of e-business, diffusion of innovations and agile new competitors in the banking sector. The introduction of Customer Relationship Management has provided banks with a driving philosophy, a reoriented information system and a communication tool that helps to create invaluable and knowledge based relationships. Therefore, banks are developing a continuing long-term business relationship with customers and they are shifting their focus from market share to mind share of customers. The literature review has focused on the importance of CRM in the banking sector and the importance of maintaining profitable relationships with banking customers, which in turn leads to profitability through customer loyalty. Close relationship with customers will require a strong coordination between IT and marketing departments to provide a long-term retention of selected customers. Accordingly, this paper will aim to investigate important attributes which customers value as far as customer relationships in the Indian banking sector is concerned. No doubt, considerable literature on CRM is available worldwide but there is limited research throwing light over the importance of CRM in the Indian banking sector. Therefore, the paper reviews pertinent literature on CRM in the banking sector. Then, the methodology employed to collect and analyse data is outlined. Then the findings are discussed, implications are described and the paper further makes strategic recommendations towards enhancing customer relationships in the Indian banking sector. Directions for future research are also proposed in the arena of customer relationship management and banking sector. 2. The Indian Banking Sector and CRM The economic reforms initiated by the Government of India roughly about a decade ago have changed the landscape of several sectors of the Indian economy [1]. The Indian banking sector is no exception. The economic reforms have also generated new and powerful customers (huge Indian middle class) and new mix of players (public sector units, private banks, and foreign banks). The emerging competition has generated new expectations from the existing and the new customers. The new rules of competition require recognition of the importance of consumers and the necessity to address the needs through innovative products supported by new technology. Perceptions and expectations of the customers have undergone a sea change, with the innovative and modern banking services offered to the customers. This necessitates banks to include a customer-oriented approach whereby they build, maintain and manage longstanding relationships with their profitable customers in order to gain sustainable competitive edge. 3. Conceptual background Over the past two decades, the literature has argued that businesses across all sectors will have to change their approach to marketing, which should now be carried out through relationships, networks, and interactions [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]. Such a marketing approach is very Volume:01, Number:04, August-2011 www. theinternationaljournal. rg Page 2 different from the more traditional one based on transactions affecting the Four Ps (product, price, place and promotion). 3. 1. CRM in the Banking sector Customer relationship management (CRM) has been as important to the banking industry at the start of the 21st century as it has been to any other industry. Many banks have used CRM tools to acquire more customers and to improve relationships with them. A key aspect in banks embracing technological platforms and delivery systems is the impact this will have on bank-customer relationships. Therefore, in order to achieve banking excellence, meeting customer needs and offering innovative products is not sufficient in itself. The balance between relatively high costs of relationships with customers and the need to maintain profit growth needs to be finely tuned, if marketing is not to revert back to a transactional paradigm [8]. Likewise, increased customer expectations have created a competitive climate whereby the quality of the relationship between the customer and the institution has taken a greater significance [9, 10]. The development of effective customer relationships is widely advocated as a key element of marketing strategies in the service sector (Ennew, 1996). Therefore a binding and long-term customer relationship seems to be necessary for many banks to react to the changed conditions and to guarantee the continuity. For many customers, a strong banking relationship is as vital as any other business relationship they maintain. This gives CRM-driven banks an advantage in that customers want the benefits of a solid relationship. Common benefits for customers of banks using CRM include wider access with branch locations, Internet and ATMs; access to service and support; discount credit rates and enhanced savings; and other customization opportunities. Attracting new customers should be viewed only as an intermediate step in the marketing process. Developing close relationships with these customers and turning them into loyal ones are equal aspects of marketing. Thus relationship marketing ought to be perceived as attracting, maintaining, and in multi service organizations, enhancing customer relationships [12, 13, 14, 15]. Another important facet of CRM is customer selectivity. As several research studies have shown not all customers are equally profitable for an individual company [16]. 3. 2. Role of Service Providers in the Banking Sector Although CRM has become widely recognized as an important business approach, there is no universally accepted definition of CRM. Swift defined CRM as an ‘enterprise approach to understanding and influencing customer behaviour through meaningful communications in order to improve customer acquisition, customer retention, customer loyalty, and customer profitability’ [17]. Kincaid viewed CRM as ‘the strategic use of information, processes, technology, and people to manage the customer’s relationship with your company (Marketing, Sales, Services, and Support) across the whole customer life cycle’ [18]. Parvatiyar and Sheth defined CRM as ‘a comprehensive strategy and process of acquiring, retaining, and partnering with selective customers to create superior value for the company and the customer [19]. 3. 3. Customer Loyalty, Customer Retention and Customer Relationships Customer satisfaction and loyalty are some key elements of business success and profitability. The more satisfied the customer, the more loyal the customer and the more Volume:01, Number:04, August-2011 www. theinternationaljournal. org Page 3 durable the relationship. And the longer this lasts, the more profit the company stands to make and the higher the market share. Getting existing customers to provide referrals should be one of the effective ways to add new business [20]. A referral from a customer can often open the gates and allow a salesperson access to previously unreachable prospects. Huntley found that when the quality of relationship is high, customers are more willing to recommend the sellers offerings to colleagues and they purchase more from the seller [21]. Maintaining high-quality relationships with customers appears to increase their willingness to provide referrals [22]. Customer satisfaction and loyalty are highly correlated [23], but they form two distinct constructs [24]. Customer satisfaction with a bank relationship is a good basis for loyalty [25, 26], although it does not guarantee it, because even satisfied customers switch banks [27]. One important reason for switching is pricing [28, 29]. Hence, banks have launched customer loyalty programmes that provide economic incentives. Although the effectiveness of loyalty programmes has been questioned [30, 31, 32], research has shown that they have a significant, positive impact on customer retention and share of customer purchases [33, 34]. In a similar vein, Reinartz and Kumar suggest that customers can be grouped according to share-of-wallet and profitable lifetime duration, and that each customer group should be targeted with a specific strategy [35]. By adopting such a customer focused strategy, organisations can maximise the lifetime value of each customer by anticipating needs and offering timely solutions [36]. Likewise, according to Hartfeil, ‘Products are not profitable; customers are, and we analysed our customer base, segment by segment, we found that each required a different strategy to maximize its profitability to the bank [37]. For instance, every customer (both business and personal) is assigned to a banker at National Australia Bank Ltd whereby bankers are required to actively manage their portfolios according to volume of business, interest margin spread, fee income, profitability, customer retention, and the acquisition of new customers [38]. While ample literature is available on generic CRM today, hardly any information is forthcoming on the gains from CRM initiatives in the Indian banking sector. There is scarce literature on how the customers respond to the CRM measures adopted by the banks. This research has attempted to study the customer perceptions pertaining to the CRM initiatives adopted by the banks in India. Thus it helps to investigate the front-end effectives of CRM strategies in the banking sector. 4. Research Methodology This is a descriptive study using primary data collected through an experience survey. The data collection instrument used was a 3-part structured questionnaire using a 5-point Likert Scale. Part-1 was pertaining to the relationship building aspect of CRM and it had 19 questions which were framed using the relevant variables identified from literature review. Part-2 focused specifically on the interaction with the customer service representatives. Part-3 was concerned with customer perceptions on complaint handling and his/her behavioural intentions. Necessary demographic details were also collected to serve as categorizing variables. Prior to data collection, a pilot test was conducted to ensure comprehensiveness, clarity and reliability of the questionnaire. The pretesting of the questionnaire was done among 10 customers randomly, resulting in some minor modifications of the wordings of some survey Volume:01, Number:04, August-2011 www. theinternationaljournal. rg Page 4 items. The method used to administer the questionnaire was through a personal interview so as to obtain more accurate, reliable and valid information and to make the respondents at ease by maintaining a social rapport with them. The target population to be sampled was the individual customers of the Indian banking sector. Owing to the need for a relatively large sample size while at the same time keeping the research costs down, the sample size of this study amounted to 150 customers and the quota sampling technique was adopted based on the net profit and market share figure as shown in Table-1 below.

Nurses On A Palliative Care Unit Nursing Essay

Nurses On A Palliative Care Unit Nursing Essay According to Olade (2004), nursing practice using observed phenomena and evidences is an example of education which refers to formalized experiences designed to enlarge the knowledge or skills of nursing educators or practitioners. Through experiences and evidences, the ability to learn actual clinical practice and the orientation in health care protocols and policies in handling patients needs will be achieved. This method is also termed as Evidence-based practice. Evidence-based practice involves a combination of many disciplines, including aspects of multidisciplinary sciences to promote the restoration and maintenance of health in our clients (Davies, 2005). Much literature has been published on this topic in recent years, an evolving subject and concept for specific practices that promote more effective, safer and more efficient ways of caring (Drenkard Cohen, 2004). Maintaining and improving high satisfaction among nurses is an important area to discover (Ebell, 2008). To achieve this, we need a workforce to continually strive for excellence, specifically in caring for clients experiencing loss and bereavement be responsible and flexible enough, have the confidence to face the challenges, and inspire everyone with a shared vision. These are strengths needed by nursing staff to motivate others health care provider to fulfill their potential and achieve goals (Littlefield, 2005). Researches, studies and articles were utilized and analyzed in gathering the necessary information needed. Clinical education, skills and practices are the key concepts used in this paper. Possession of knowledge and competency in performing skills and interventions for clients experiencing grief and bereavement which can be acquired in hands on training are essential in practicing the profession especially in the palliative care unit of NHS hospital is important. As a nursing professional, tangible skills and knowledge in a hospital setting is very important in managing clients and supervising clients (Burns Foley, 2005). Evidences were identified through thorough assessment and research. The challenges discussed below were identified through gathering of recent information in the palliative care unit and data that focuses on this subject. Decisional Teachings and Interventions As a nurse, you need to ensure that the client is treated with dignity, that is, with honor and respect. Dying clients often feel they have lost control over their lives and over life itself. Helping patient die with dignity involves maintaining their humanity, consistent with their values, beliefs, and culture. By introducing available options to the client and significant others, you can restore and support feelings of control. Some choices that clientss family can make are location of care (home, hospital or hospice), time of appointments with health professionals, activity schedule, use of health resources, and times of visit (Matzo and Sherman, 2004). The family of dying patient wants `to be able to manage the events preceding death so she can die peacefully. You can help client to determine her own physical, psychological, and social priorities. Dying people often strive for self fulfillment more than for self preservation, and may need to find meaning in continuing to live whi le suffering. Part of the nurses challenge is to support the clients hope and will (Smeltzer, 2009). Nevertheless, the communication between clients families may not solve all decisional differences, her mother insist on interventions that health care professionals consider inadvisable. In case like this, the initial step is for all parties to focus on having clear goals of care. Hospice Support to facilitate proper bereavement The decision of clients family for home care with hospice support focuses on symptoms control and pain management. Hospice care is always provided by a team of both health professionals and nonprofessionals to ensure a full range of care services. In the case of many patients, palliative care will be the option. This care may be given to meet their physiological need (Matzo, 2005). Ventilatory support for patient can improve her respiratory functioning and relieve symptoms of respiratory distress using mechanical ventilation. While the decisions made by the family wanting their family member to be vented are often reached by consensus with the patient and her family, patient does have an opportunity to designate a family member as a healthcare proxy. Family Teachings and Interventions The reaction of any person to another persons impending death depends on all factors regarding loss and the development of the concept of death. In spite of the individual variations in persons view about the cause of death, spiritual beliefs, availability of support systems, or other factor, responses tend to cluster in the process. To help the family, spiritual support is of great importance in dealing with death. Although not all clients identify with specific religious faith or belief, most have a need for meaning in their lives, particularly as they experience a terminal illness. Establish a communication relationship that shows concern for and commitment to the family and client. There are also communication strategies that let client and her family knows that you are available to talk about death (Smeltzer, 2009). Caring for clients family members is an important intervention in caring for the terminally ill patient. Family-centered interventions and care is focused on the goal, needs and values of the family and patient including their understanding of the treatment options, illness, prognosis and their preferences and expectations for decision making and treatment (Matzo and Sherman, 2004). Specific interventions appropriate for clients family includes providing hope within parameters of individual situations without giving false reassurance. Listening to their expressions regarding their perceptions of the situation is also important to determine how they handle the situation (Zerwekh, 2006). Giving honest answers to their questions and giving correct information will assist the family in dealing with the situation. Encouraging strength, promoting support systems and referring to other resources such as pastoral care, counseling and organized support groups will promote wellness and facilitate long term action (Smeltzer, 2009). Communicating effectively at all levels is a common barrier in the implementation of change among health care in various settings (Kleinman, 2004). As a member of the hospital workforce, a nurse must have the capability to communicate effectively in a non-judgmental way and stimulate other colleagues to think critically. They must also arouse enthusiasm and develop quick thinking and imagination. Moreover, they must also demonstrate resourcefulness and professionalism with infinite patience, understanding, confidence and perseverance are also challenges (Bryar et al, 200). Emotional and Physical Support The skills most relevant to this situation of the family are attentive listening, silence, open and close questioning, clarifying and reflecting feeling. Less helpful to family members are responses that give advice and evaluation, those that interpret and analyze, and those that give unwarranted reassurance. To ensure effective communication, the nurse must make an accurate assessment of what is appropriate for the client. Communication with the family needs to be relevant to their feeling and situation. Whether the clients are angry or depressed affects how the client hears messages and how the nurse interprets the clients statement (Matzo, 2005). In facilitating nursing interventions, the nurse must explore and respect the familys ethnic, cultural, religious and personal values inn their expressions of feelings. Teach the family what to expect in the process, such as certain thought and feelings and that labile emotions, feeling of sadness, anger, guilt, loneliness and fear will lessen or stabilize over time. Knowing what to expect may lessen the intensity of some reactions. Encourage her family to express their thoughts and feelings, not to push the family to move on or enforce their own expectations of inappropriate reactions. Encourage the family to resume normal activities after death on schedule that promotes psychological and physical health. Some family member may also try to return to normal activities too quickly. However, a prolonged delay in return may indicate dysfunctional grieving (Matzo and Sherman, 2004). Physiological and other specific end-life care Support Nursing management of the client experiencing a loss is important. Physiological need must be addressed first including palliative care such as pain management and life support. Weakness and paresis are common symptoms that may affect muscle groups. With the loss of muscle innervations the muscles athrophy, paralysis and progressive fatigue result. Dysphagia, dysathria, fasciculations, hyperreflexia, immobility, respiratory failure and aspiration will likely occur. Emotional effects such as lability, loss of control and depression are also common. The goal of management in end-of-life care for every client is the prevention or alleviation of these symptoms. Hygiene and psychological support is also important factor to consider (Zerwekh, 2006). To gather a complete database that allows accurate analysis and identification of appropriate nursing diagnoses for dying client and their family, the nurse first needs to recognize the states of awareness manifested by the client and the famil y members (Smeltzer, 2009). In case of many patients, the state of awareness shared by the dying person and the family affects the nurse ability to communicate freely with clients and other health care team members and to assist in the grieving process. The nurse must also need to be knowledgeable about the clients death related rituals such as last rites, chanting at the bedside and other rituals. The nurse must also recognize the states of awareness manifested by the client and family members. As nurses, we also need to maintain physiologic and psychological comfort and achieving a peaceful and dignified death, which includes maintaining personal control and accepting declining health status (Matzo and Sherman, 2004). The roles of health care team in care management of dying patient are very important. This implies the vital responsibilities of nurse to do the best and competent care to achieve the peaceful death of the patient. The primary role is to ensure that the patient recei ved the highest possible intervention best suited for her. Nurses must include the family of the patient in the care management, emphasizing nurses role as essential factor to maintain dignity of dying client (Matzo, 2005). Conclusions Knowledge and competitiveness is a product of excellent nursing practice. In caring for patient experiencing grief and bereavement, experience and effective learning are essential processes in actual clinical practice of the nursing profession. To be an effective nurse, one should begin with the individual appraisal of ones self competency and enhanced education based on practices and trainings taken previously during undergraduate and graduate studies, workshops, trainings, continuing education, and preparation for teaching seminars or modules including the conceptual, academic and clinical orientation (Foster, 2007). Competitiveness is largely based on innate potentials and motivations afforded by the familiarity of a learning environment. Accordingly, the primary responsibility of the nurse to the patient is to give him/her the kind of care the patient condition needs regardless of race, creed, color, nationality or status (Salsberg, 2008). Advocate the rights and serve as facilit ator of patients well being (Foster, 2007). In doing so, the patients care shall be based on subjective and objective evidence, needs, the physicians order and the ailment; shall involve the patient and the family. It promotes understanding of the differing values held by people in other cultures (Henderson, 2009). For example, it helps client to understand why other people in one culture may regard with approval of their practices of exposing their elderly members to the harmful elements, while people in other cultures may abhor such practice. The strength this critical thinking and decision making is its recognition of the relationship between personal values and a choice of action and it equates personal values and wrong action, it also recognize limits of personal experience and perspective and it implies that a persons moral judgments are infallible. I believe the richness or intensity of the inculcation of knowledge, positive values and skills of a person is not simply based on the innate capacity of one to evaluate, think, reason and interact in a learning situation. It also equally depends on the quality of the nursing experiences which are either limited by the nurses ability and will to choose or by what is desirable to her which is readily accessible in the environment. Nursing education, concepts and programs for improving the knowledge in health facility should also be provided to maintain theoretical and clinical competence of health setting and facilities. From what I have learned in my own area of practice, the key to successful knowledge development is competent learning and effective communication during the practice to achieve the goal of competency. This will determine the path of being an effective and competent nursing professional. In general, the main role of nurses in palliative care unit is focused on providing effective, quality care. Hence, more advanced and competent means of preparing nurses to supervise and manage their patient is important (Briggs et al., 2004). These challenges must be addressed properly by the implementation of appropriate approach and programs to increase the knowledge and experience. Skill development for nursing educators must constantly be framed within the context of individualized patients. Nursing educators should make themselves aware of every situation happening in the field and make it a motivational means to improve the profession by proper preparation and education (Welk, 2007). Therefore, the need for implementing evidenced-based approach to nursing practice is essential in addressing these issues. As nursing profession enter a new era not knowing what to expect. Yes, patient care is the same everywhere, but they must be comfortable with the environment they are placed in. Adaptation is crucial in the clinical arena (Kleinman (2004). Evidenced-based practice and clinical experience may become a highly useful and effective strategy in clinical practice. The nurse becomes less apprehensive about the clinical environment and becomes more client-focused, therefore increasing the effectiveness of care. This also provides the nurse an opportunity for role modeling as the client and family maintains and develops standards of practice and competent care in a familiar environment (Foster, 2007).

Langston Hughes is America Essay -- Biography Biographies Essays

Langston Hughes is America      Ã‚   " The poet's life is the focusing glass through which passes the determinants of the shape of his work: the tradition available to him, his understanding of "Kinds", the impact of special experiences (travel, love, etc.)." (Fielder 1431). Langston Hughes did not have an easy life. Being a young black male during the 1920's, Hughes was constantly being discriminated against by the color of his skin. Because of that harsh reality, most of his work was centered around the African American's fight for racial equality. One good example of this is shown in his poem "I, Too". Hughes writes about being discriminated against because he was black.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Around the time of the twenties, there was a big boom of African American culture. Out of this came the renaissance of Harlem, a hot spot for African American poets, musicians, and dancers. White America would flock to these hot clubs that infested Harlem. They would go for the great food and the entertainment. Big clubs such as the Cotton Club on Lenex Avenue would not allow blacks t...

The Story of Electricity Essay -- Energy

In a recent newspaper article (Guernsey electricity supply ‘more’ expensive in May 2012) it stated that electricity costs are going to increase and supplies would become unreliable or erratic. It is obvious that this will cause a considerable distress and discomfort for the residents of Guernsey because electricity is needed for warmth and lighting. The purpose of this essay is to describe how and why electricity has become such an important part of people’s lives. By way of background, it is important to state what electricity actually means. According to The Need Project (Electricity: The Mysterious Force), electricity simply means electrons in motion. These electrons are tiny particles found in atoms. An atom consists of protons and neutrons. Protons and electrons are attracted to each other are attracted by each other and carry and electric charge. The proton is positively charged while the electron is negatively charged. According to The Electricity Forum: Electricity history 2012, electricity was first found in ancient Greece by Greek Philosophers over two thousand years ago. They discovered that when amber and cloth are rubbed against each other, there tends to be a form of attraction between the two. They called it the basics of electricity. Also, the article stated that many electricity-related discoveries were made during that period. In addition, Kowalski, K. M. 2009 stated that before the early 1900’s the source of light was from candles and oil and gas lamps. However, it was very dangerous as it could cause fire explosions. There have been three respected people whom in the past contributed greatly to the development of electricity. Firstly, Benjamin Franklyn. He was an American scientist who established... ...ion=2&contentSet=GALE%7CA211235661&&docId=GALE|A211235661&docType=GALE&role=ITOF&docLevel=FULLTEXT on 24th May, 2012. Sharman, F and Parker, B. The History of Electric Supply in the Area. Retrieved from http://www.localhistory.scit.wlv.ac.uk/articles/electricity/history1.htm on 22nd June, 2012. The Electricity Forum: Electricity History. Retrieved from http://www.electricityforum.com/electricity-history.html on 20th May, 2012. The Electricity Forum: Dangers of Electricity. Retrieved from http://www.electricityforum.com/dangers-of-electricity.html on 24th May, 2012. The Need Project (Electricity: The Mysterious Force) retrieved from http://www.need.org/needpdf/infobook_activities/IntInfo/Elec1I.pdf on 20th May, 2012. Woodford, C. 2011 Electrical transformers. Retrieved from http://www.explainthatstuff.com/transformers.html on 22nd May, 2012.

Poverty in Developing Countries :: essays research papers

As developed countries quench their thirsts for petrol, developing countries around the world are left behind, force to watch on without any help from the outside community. Being poor means to be disadvantaged in every single way. It means not being able to support yourself or your family or have the basic necessity to life. Without substantial help for these helpless people then we should be feeling guilty that we are living lives far better than what others are experiencing. Poverty may because by wars, disease or lack of education and infrastructure and the resulting consequences may be hunger, starvation, crime and ultimately death. If poverty is not eradicated then injustice will continue, increasing death tolls and lives. Not everyone is born into a life of the rich and glamorous. Those who are fortunate enough know that they are very lucky to be in their position. Others however are totally in different situations. They need to fend for themselves and having meal is something which comes only once a day. Malnutrition is the obvious result of not consuming the right amount of food. This therefore will lead to outbreaks of diseases but in poverty stricken countries there are no hospitals to cure this. Lacking infrastructure means lacking educational rights. People who are living in poverty can not afford to send their children to school so this will mean an unclear future for their children. Furthermore, living in crowded areas, this has a tendency to increase the chances of disease as people are drinking from unsafe sources of water. People around the world are not aware of how immense this issue is and sometimes hesitant to believe the scale that it has risen to. Without understanding for people liv ing disadvantage from the rest then there is no cure for the problem. One of the most basic teachings in the Catholic Church is to ?Love one another as I have loved you.? This can be implied towards people living in poverty as we can follow the steps that Jesus had undertaken to love other people even if they are your enemies. By showing love and compassion we can create a world that is aware of poverty issues and help the declination of poverty. Countless organisations are heavily involved in carrying missions to help ultimately eradicate poverty. These charities and organisations include CARITAS, World Vision, Oxfam, St Vincent de Paul and many other non profitable organisations which help carry out work to help those who are in need.

Kite Runner Social Divisions Essay

Two main themes in the novel The Kite Runner are that of social class and gender roles. Everywhere that Amir, the main protagonist, turns, society is divided. From his earliest childhood memories to living in America, there always seems to be some sort of invisible line drawn between his people. There is separation between the Pashtuns and the Hazaras, between Americans and Afghans, between men and women, and between the Talibs and the people of Afghanistan. â€Å"’Afghanistan is the land of Pashtuns. It always has been, always will be. We are the true Afghans, the pure Afghans, not this Flat-Nose here. His people pollute our homeland, our wantan. They dirty our blood†¦. Afghanistan for Pashtuns, I say. That’s my vision. ’† This quote reflects the hatred some people had for the Hazaras, or â€Å"Flat-Noses,† in Afghanistan. The Hazaras were the lower class, while the Pashtuns were the wealthy class. If there was a Hazara in Kabul, the bet was that he was â€Å"a beggar or a servant or both. † This severe social divide was not just economical. Only the Pashtuns were able to attend public school, and barely any, if any, Hazaras were literate. However, Amir grew up with Hassan, his Hazara servant, and didn’t know the hatred the rest of the Pashtuns harbored for the Hazaras. â€Å"Hassan and I fed from the same breasts. We took our first steps on the same lawn in the same yard. And, under the same roof, we spoke our first words. † After Amir Joel Huff-2 returned from school, he and Hassan would go up to â€Å"a bowl shaped hill just north of [his father’s] property† that had a cemetery atop it, with a luscious pomegranate tree just outside the fence. They climbed the tree’s large branches, and carved into it the words â€Å"Amir and Hassan, the sultans of Kabul. † After they ate the fruit and wiped their hands on the grass, Amir would read to Hassan. Despite the social divide, Amir and Hassan were like brothers. This shows that the unfair division of people can be broken – people don’t have to follow trends – that change can arise and equality can grow. The opinion on gender division, however, is slightly different in Hosseini’s book. There are two types of gender division in this book: the traditional, formal wait-until-marriage-to-be-alone kind, and the kind that made life harder on women. Hosseini somewhat supported the former, because that was the way of his people, and looked down upon the latter. In the novel, Amir sees a girl by the name of Soraya Taheri at the flea market where he and his father have a stall. This girl amazes him, as he has not actually seen a real girl of his age almost all his life, due to the separation of sexes in his homeland. He describes her as his â€Å"Swap Meet Princess,† but never actually talks to her for months. When he finally grew the nerve to talk to her, he asked where her father was, but eventually asked what she was reading. â€Å"I held my breath. Suddenly, I felt the collective eyes of the flea market Afghans shift to us. I imagined a hush falling. Lips stopping in midsentance. Heads turning. Eyes narrowing with keen interest. Up to this point, our encounter could have been interpreted as a respectful inquiry. But I’d asked her a question and if she Joel Huff-3 answered, we’d be†¦. Well, we’d be chatting. Me a mojarad, a single young man, and she an unwed woman. † This would be gossip material to the entire Afghan community in Los Angeles, just as it would have been back in Kabul. Rumors were deadly to anyone’s reputation in that community, and reputation was one of the only things that actually mattered. What made it worse was that Soraya had a â€Å"history. † Rumors, as everyone knows, are sometimes true. Unfortunately for Soraya, her â€Å"history† was entirely true. â€Å"When we lived in Virginia, I ran away with an Afghan man. I was eighteen at the time†¦rebellious†¦stupid, and†¦ he was into drugs†¦. We lived together for almost a month. All the Afghans in Virginia were talking about it. † This gossip traveled everywhere, as everyone in Afghanistan knew everyone else in Afghanistan. Soraya, daughter of the war hero, General Taheri, was hit especially hard by this gossip, and it traveled with them to Los Angeles. Though she tells Amir about the horrible past she has, Amir still pursues marriage with her, loving her all the same. â€Å"How could I, of all people, chastise someone for their past? † This shows a common double standard in the Afghan culture that also exists in our culture, to an extent. â€Å"Their sons go out to nightclubs looking for meat and get their girlfriends pregnant, they have kids out of wedlock and no one says a goddamn thing. Oh, they’re just men having fun! I make one mistake and suddenly everyone is talking nang and namoos and I have to have my face rubbed in it for the rest of my life. † To add to the extremity that Afghans see this sin as, after he made Soraya come home, Soraya’s father sat her in a chair, handed her a pair of scissors, and Joel Huff-4 calmly told her to cut off all her hair. He watched while she did it, his pride hurt more than hers. Along with the distinct division of men and women even in America, there was also a class division between Americans and Afghans. While the Americans had all white-collar jobs, Afghans were given the blue-collar jobs, despite some of them being professionals back in their homeland. Amir’s father, once a rich and powerful businessman, was forced to take up odd jobs and transactions to get by. He â€Å"sold his Buick and bought a dilapidated ’71 Volkswagen bus for $550 from an old Afghan acquaintance who’d been a high school science teacher in Kabul. † He bought this bus to go around to garage sales, buy items, take them to the flea market, and sell them for a small profit. â€Å"By that summer, Afghan families were working an entire section of the flea market. † â€Å"All of them high ranking officials, lawyers, businessmen, professors, doctors, now reduced to haggling over 2 dollars. † This shows the distinct difference between foreigners and natural born citizens in America. Racial prejudice and fear separate classes, even in a free society such as ours. The worst of any social divide mentioned in this book, however, was that between the Taliban and the citizens of Afghanistan. The Taliban, or just Talibs, took over Kabul after Amir and his father moved to America. When they were there, they destroyed everything, imposed strict laws, and committed random acts of violence. The citizens hated them, even though they â€Å"were all cheering when the Taliban came to take power† from the previous king. â€Å"I feel like a tourist in my own Joel Huff-5 country,† said Amir as he was entering the area around Kabul. As he was searching for his half-brother’s child, Amir attended a soccer match to find a â€Å"tall Talib with black sunglasses. † At halftime, three trucks rolled out into the field, one with a woman, one with a blindfolded man, and one carrying a load of stones. They unloaded each truck, placing the woman and man in separate chest-deep holes at the ends of the goal posts. â€Å"A chubby, white-bearded cleric dressed in gray garments stood near the goalposts and cleared his throat into a handheld microphone. Behind him the woman in the hole was still screaming. He recited a lengthy prayer from the Koran, his nasaly voice undulating through the sudden hush of the stadium’s crowd. I remembered something [my father] had said to me long ago: Piss on the beads of all those self-righteous monkeys. They do nothing but thumb their rosaries and recite a book written in a tongue they don’t even understand. God help us all if Afghanistan ever falls into their hands. â€Å" And sure enough, it had. The reign of terror of the Taliban swept through the streets of Kabul, as it had so many other Afghan towns. This was proven by the ruthless execution of the man and woman in the soccer stadium. The tall Talib in the black sunglasses picked up an unloaded stone, and hurled it at the man’s face, striking him in the side of the head. He continued to throw stones at the two until they were but bloodied corpses, at which point they were loaded back up into the trucks and hauled away. As Hosseini exposes the divisions in Afghan society, we in American society should reflect on the cultural fallacies that made Afghanistan the war-ravaged state that it is today.

Satellite Radio: A Closer Look

The twenty first century marked a new turning point for the radio industry. In 2001, satellite radio was introduced to the public by Sirius and XM companies. The two companies remain to be the leading players in the satellite radio industry. Sirius and XM companies obtained their lead when they were awarded in an auction with the license to utilize the frequencies developed by Digital Audio Radio Service (DARS). The said radio service was commissioned in 1992 to establish radio frequency segments for satellite broadcast in the radio (Kevin). Among the two broadcast satellites initially launched by XM radio are Rock and Roll. The launching was made in San Diego and Dallas last September 2001. After the successful turnout of the launching, XM radio decided to introduced satellite radio to the entire nation in November 2001 (Satellite Radio USA). Through the satellite radio, listening to one’s radio while traveling has become more convenient. Radio frequency is a common problem among radio listeners who are traveling. Oftentimes, they need to change stations because the frequency of the radio stations which they initially listen to has limited frequency. The average frequency of traditional radio is 0 to 40 miles from the source. The radio satellite on the other hand can reach to as far as 22, 000 miles from the source. Thus, a traveler need not frequently change the radio station that he is listening to. How Satellite Radios Work Unlike the analog radio which broadcasts radio frequency to local stationary transmitters and thereafter to the listeners, satellite radio utilizes mobile satellites in ord er to transmit programs to the listeners. The use of mobile satellites allows the radio system to cater to a wider audience since satellites have the capacity to transmit signal from all over the globe. Satellite radios allows the radio frequency transmitted to bounce off and reach the listeners (Walker). Interested listeners can avail of the service after they have purchased the necessary programming service. A device is given to the client to enjoy the service. The said device is programmed into a database in order to allow it to receive radio transmissions from specific radio satellites. Entry into the database allows the sending of signal to the devise in order to decrypt the satellite frequencies and give the listener radio reception (Walker). In contrast to traditional radio which can be accessed for free, satellite radio needs subscription before one can be enjoy the use thereof. Satellite radio companies do not earn money from advertisements but through subscription. Just like cable television, programs on satellite radios are not bombarded with lengthy advertisements. One can enjoy the comfort of listening to his favorite music or programs without any interruption. Benefits from Satellite Radio Since satellites radios allow a more liberal way of listening to radio programs by extending the limit of the coverage, there are more benefits that can be generated from it. Among the benefits is the wide array of radio programs that could be accessed. Listeners can choose to listen to many different programs. They have the liberality to choose which is more adept to their taste and interest for the day. There are more than 60 music channels and 50 other channels dedicated for news, sports, weather, traffic and talk (Satellite Radio USA). Satellite radio is recommended for people who have penchant for listening to the radio for long hours and for those who are in search for specific programs such as ESPN, FOX or BBC among others. The subscription paid for such services is cheaper compared to cable television. Thus, satellite radio does not only provide specialized program listening but it also gives the pocket a breather. If one is only after news in cable television or sports, then he could just opt for this service. The same amount of information could be generated at a cheaper price. Jobs Created Aside from the wider coverage that satellite radio provides to listeners, it also gives an avenue for more jobs in the broadcast industry. Since there is a growing market for the satellite radios, there is a need to employ people who will maintain the system and update the devices that the listeners utilize. People from the engineering department as well as those who are knowledgeable with technical matters, can find good jobs in this field. In addition, people who man the broadcast are also given job opportunities. Among the jobs opportunities are: writer for news, sports, talk programs and many others. Proof readers, editors, news readers, news anchors and assistants for such individuals can have fulfilling jobs in this industry. They have an avenue to exercise their skills and interests in their field of interests. With the rising number of subscribers, there is a possibility that employment in the satellite radio industry will continue to prosper. More programs and maintenance of the existing programs will need more people to man it. If the satellite radio reaches worldwide then there will be more job opportunities for the said field. However, if there are jobs that are created in this industry there are also jobs which are lost or on the verge of being lost. Jobs Lost Among the jobs that are being threatened by the satellite radio industry are those which are related to the terrestrial radio industry especially those who are employed in small radio companies which only have limited coverage. Each city has its own radio company which caters news and other events to the locality. Due to the satellite radio innovation, these companies are being threatened with the possibility of closing. They can hardly compete with the satellite radio which provides an array of program line up. Through the said innovation, people are no longer left with merely an AM or FM radio. They have the capability to explore other genres and listen to the type of program which will suit their taste. The growing interest of the people for such programs make cause the local radio companies, especially those which are only operating on a small scale, to collapse and be erased in the radio industry. Disk Jockeys or DJs, radio commentators and technical support of such companies may kiss their jobs good bye if the advertisers would see that there are only a few people patronizing these programs. Local radio industries operate based on the number of people who listen to their programs. They adjust to the tastes of the listening public in order to convince companies to advertise their merchandise in their programs. Advertisers will only waste their resources if there are no significant number of people who are listening to their programs. Aside from employees of the local radio companies, people who specializes on advertisement for radio may also lose their jobs. They will have to shift their interest for television advertisement or print advertisements. Effect on local terrestrial broadcasters As indicated earlier, satellite radio threatens the existence of local radio companies. The existence of which may not be significant for avid listeners of satellite radios however, for those who are interested in listening to local news, traffic and talk programs, the lose of local radios has a great weight. The advantage of local radios is their regionalization or focus only to a specific locality. News, traffic updates and issues pertaining to the locality are widely aired by such radio companies. Their limited jurisdiction allows them to have better focus with the issues as well as with the programs that they create. Most likely, they will adjust their programs based on the interest of the most people in the locality. They will try to please their market as much as possible and give them the satisfaction that they long for a radio station. They also have an advantage in terms of advertisement since they reach their the people locally and regionally. Local companies can advertise their products with such radio stations, unlike in satellite radios which caters to a wide area. Another advantage thereof is the fact that it is free. There are no special devices or subscription fees that needs to be paid. One only needs his radio in order to have access to the programs (Colliano1). Despite these advantages, terrestrial radios are still on the verge of losing their space in the radio industry. Such phenomenon cannot solely be attributed to the introduction of satellite radios but also because their have lost their edge which is to provide the latest song in the music industry. Through the introduction of MP3s, internet downloads and other music gadgets, the edge of radio continued to fade. The latest songs can be availed of easily through other means than by listening to the radio. This reduces the anticipation from the clients to listen to the latest songs. In addition, radio industries have also abused their good will by infusing too many commercials between their programs (Colliano2). Although advertisements are meant to inform while providing entertainment, too much of it in between programs may irritate the listeners. It suspends their eagerness to listen to the program and thereafter leads to the lose of interest to listen further. Effect on other industries Through the development of satellite radios, other industries are also affected, some positively and others negatively. Among those industries which can benefit from the introduction of satellite radios are cable programs and channels. Aside from television they can have a new avenue to simulcast their programs. Technical and manufacturing industries can also benefit from the manufacture thereof especially if the number subscribers have increased to greater numbers. More subscribers would mean more devices which will ensure the working of the system. The industry which are feared to suffer, aside from local radios is the radio advertising sector. They will have no avenue to market their products if the local radio are abolished by the society. Another industry is the music industry. The local radio provides a good avenue for musicians to advertise their music. The wider the avenue for the launching of their music, the greater is their chance of topping the charts. Rising singers or musicians have lesser chance of introducing their music to a larger audience. Profitability of the Satellite Radios It has been predicted that the two companies which have licenses to operate satellite radios will start to generate great profits by the year 2009. Although it is enjoying profits now, it is still small considering the high cost of maintenance and operations of the system (Seeking Alpha). Financial writer Robert Walberg (2006), indicated in an article that Sirius, one of the two licensed companies to operate satellite radio is in serious trouble with its finances. The company fails to gain significant profit during the span of years that it has been operating. Walberg fears that if the trend continues, then Sirius may face serious financial burdens in the future. The company, however, aims of increasing its profits and presumed that more money will be credited to the company as radio satellites continue to be known globally. Among the factors which contribute to low profit are the high costs for product marketability, limited number of subscribers and the high cost that it pays to those who maintain their radio programs. Compared to the traditional radio which does not pay much for its maintenance, satellite radio operators have more to lose and to earn in order to survive. If the trend continues then, the two companies, Sirius and XM may also face downfall. Sirius intends to increase it market and gain more subscribers in order to generate higher profits and more investors in the future. Nevertheless, financial analysts still maintain a positive view regarding the viability of satellite radios in the market. The introduction of satellite radios in the market both have its positive and negative effects, however, more than just providing strong competition in the radio industry, satellite radios shows the ingenuity of man and its unending quest for improvement. The use thereof and the elimination of local radios is left to the public to be decided on. Only the people can determined which type of radio broadcasting should dominate the airwaves. The pros and cons should be adequately waived in order to determine the best system which will serve the public at large and at a more beneficial state.